- 41 A.D.: Claudius I becomes Roman emperor following the assassination of his nephew Caligula.
- 1835: Slaves in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, stage a rebellion, a significant step towards abolishing slavery in the region.
- 1848: James W. Marshall discovers gold at Sutter's Mill, triggering the California Gold Rush and transforming the American West.
- 1943: The Casablanca Conference concludes, with Allied leaders Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt discussing war strategy.
- 1946: The United Nations General Assembly passes its first resolution, establishing the UN Atomic Energy Commission.
- 1984: Apple launches the Macintosh computer, revolutionizing personal computing with its user-friendly interface.
- 1990: Japan launches the Hiten, its first lunar probe, marking a significant step in its space exploration program.
- 2003: The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is established in response to the September 11th attacks.
Important births:
- 1712: Frederick the Great, King of Prussia.
- 1776: E.T.A. Hoffmann, German Romantic writer and composer.
- 1843: Paul Cézanne, French Post-Impressionist painter.
- 1895: Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- 1941: Neil Diamond, American singer-songwriter.
- 1943: Sharon Tate, American actress.
What popular sandwich spread was invented in the United States by a physician named Dr. John Harvey Kellogg as a vegetarian source of protein for patients at his sanitarium?